Disputes
Questions? We have answers. We're here to help you understand the chargeback management process.
Defining disputes
A dispute, also known as a chargeback, is the reversal of a transaction as a result of a processing technicality, cardholder dispute or fraudulent activity. In such instances, a customer can challenge the transaction with their issuing bank. If the bank determines that the consumer’s claim is valid, they will initiate a dispute in order to reverse the payment. Disputes may also occur when a sales transaction violates the rules established by the Payment Brands, such as Visa®, MasterCard® or debit network.
Disputes are something every business should try to avoid, as they can result in lost revenue. A dispute reason code is the alpha or numeric (depending on the payment brand) code indicating the reason for which a dispute is initiated. Learn more about reason codes.
There are many reasons a dispute may be presented, but the reasons typically fall into one of four categories: authorization, fraud, consumer dispute, or processing error.
Disputes support topics
- The cardholder contacts their issuer (the bank that stands behind the card), explains the problem and asks for their money back.
- The issuer researches the accuracy of the claim.
- If the claim is considered unreasonable, then the cardholder is responsible for the payment and the settlement funds are not impacted.
- If the cardholder appears to have a reasonable claim, the issuer begins the dispute process.
- During the dispute process,
- The issuer credits the cardholder, and notifies the payment brand (e.g., Visa®, MasterCard® or the debit network).
- The payment brand sends funds back to the card issuer to cover the dispute.
- Chase, in turn, debits the funds from your settlement account.
- Chase displays the dispute in your online banking platform for you to view and action. You will receive an email or SMS alert each time a dispute is initiated if your business is enrolled in dispute alerts.
You will receive disputes in your Chase online banking platform. Enroll in alerts to be notified by email or SMS. You can view, challenge, or accept disputes, and fulfill retrieval requests. You can also upload scanned sales receipts and/or other documentation.
Online dispute management enables clients to:
- Simplify disputes management with an easy to use online system
- Reduce manual processing by uploading dispute documents online
- Eliminate paper processing and mailing costs
There are 3 ways to handle a dispute.
- Accept the dispute: If you agree the cardholder should not be responsible for the charge, you can accept the dispute. This will close the issue and award the disputed amount to the cardholder.
- Challenge the dispute: Gather all documents that support the validity of the charge. This can include the receipt, communication with the customer, shipping receipts, etc. You can only upload and send your documents once, so upload them and send them at the same time. We’ll review them and let you know if we need any additional info before we send in the challenge on your behalf. The case will be reviewed and funds will be awarded according to the decision.
- Don’t respond: You don’t have to respond to a dispute. If you don’t want to respond or miss the deadline, the dispute will expire and the funds will be awarded to the cardholder by default. You will not be able to challenge the dispute after it expires.
Refer to the Process and evidence section for more details.
- Cardholder disputes a charge made to their account and contacts their bank (the issuer).
- The transaction is reviewed to confirm eligibility. Once confirmed, the issuer initiates the dispute by submitting a request to the Payment Brand (Visa, MasterCard, etc.) to return the transaction to the acquirer. The Payment Brand electronically screens the dispute for technical compliance. If it meets the criteria, the dispute is forwarded to the Acquirer.
- The Acquirer (Chase) forwards the Chargeback to the merchant for review, debiting the merchant.
- Status: NEW
- The Acquirer (Chase) will identify if the Chargeback is technical or invalid and may respond on the merchant’s behalf.
- Status: CHALLENGED JPMC once sent to Issuer, will update to Status: UNDER ISSUER REVIEW
- The Chargeback can be reviewed and challenged by the Merchant. See dispute for due date.
- Status: NEW/NEEDS RESPONSE
- If Challenged, documentation and evidence is returned to the Issuer for review and decision.
- Status: CHALLENGED MERCHANT once sent to Issuer, will update to Status: UNDER ISSUER REVIEW
- If Accepted, the Chargeback is closed and the Merchant is debited the Chargeback amount.
- Status: ACCEPTED (LOST)
- If Expired, the Merchant did not respond in allocated time. The Chargeback is considered lost.
- Status: EXPIRED (LOST)
- If Chargeback cannot be challenged per Network Processing rules or evidence is not approved as a remedy, the Chargeback will be closed.
- Status: CHALLENGE DENIED (LOST)
- Once the Chargeback is decisioned by the issuer, the Chargeback status is updated and funds are debited/credited based on final outcome.
- Status: DECISIONED (WON)
- Status: DECISIONED (LOST)
Funds are held until the dispute is resolved. If you win the dispute, we will release the disputed funds back to your payments account.
When a cardholder disputes a transaction, the following takes place:
- The issuing bank credits the cardholder.
- The payment brand credits the issuer.
- Chase credits the payment brand and debits the same amount from your merchant account.
Disputes can cost time and money – while some disputes cannot be prevented, many can with comprehensive employee training.
Refer to the Prevention section for more best practices and tips.
The dispute process is governed by card network regulations. Depending on the complexity of each case, it can take up to 90 days to resolve a dispute.
Timeframes for dispute resolution are established by the payment brands.
To meet these aggressive timeframes, we recommend enrolling in disputes alerts to ensure you don't miss a deadline.
Cardholders can cancel disputes with their bank. If a Cardholder chooses to cancel a dispute the Issuer will send a Reversal (RV) and the merchant will see a credit requiring no further action. However, it is recommended to move forward with providing your evidence to challenge, including written confirmation from the cardholder stating they are canceling the dispute, through your online portal. This ensures you have actioned in the event the cardholder forgets to cancel or changes their mind.
If you agree with a cardholder’s dispute either accept it in your online portal or allow it to expire. It is advised to never issue a refund after a dispute has been received as this goes against network rules of processing.
Every dispute comes in with a dispute reason code. Dispute reason codes will be displayed with each dispute in your online banking platform. These codes are established by the payment brands to categorize the incoming dispute requests by reason.
Below are some examples of more common dispute reason codes.
Authorization
Description:
- Late presentment
- No authorization
- Declined authorization
Examples of potential remedies:
- Log showing authorization was obtained
- Credit issued prior to dispute
Common reason codes:
- Visa: 11.3
- Mastercard: 08, 42
- American Express: P07
- Discover: LP
Fraud
Description:
- Card present
- Card not present
Examples of potential remedies:
- Cardholder verification (CVV, IP, device ID, etc.)
- Provide prior undisputed sales showing same cardholder data
Common reason codes:
- Visa: 10.1, 10.4
- Mastercard: 37, 70
- American Express: F29, F30
- Discover: AA, UA01, UA02
Consumer dispute
Description:
- Credit not processed
- Not as described
- Cancelled reoccurring
- Merchandise/services not received
Examples of potential remedies:
- Proof of disclosure of the terms and conditions
- Signed contracts
- Proof the customer received the merchandise/services
- Shipping and delivery confirmation
- Customer communications (text, email, etc.)
Common reason codes:
- Visa: 13.1-3, 13.6
- Mastercard: 41, 53
- American Express: C14, C28, C30
- Discover: RG, RM, RN2
Processing error
Description:
- Duplicate processing
- Paid by other means
- Incorrect transaction amount
Examples of potential remedies:
- Signed sales slip with itemized receipt
- Proof the transaction paid by other means was for separate purchase
Common reason codes:
- Visa: 12.5, 12.6.1
- Mastercard: 31
- American Express: P05, P08, R13
- Discover: DP
The codes also appear on financial reporting associated with disputes.
Retrieval requests
This is when a Discover or American Express cardholder sees a transaction they don’t recognize and they ask for more info. When a retrieval request occurs, no funds are removed from your account. You have until the due date to respond to the request; after that the request is closed. If a cardholder decides to go ahead with a dispute after a retrieval request, that will appear as a separate dispute.
There are 2 ways to handle a retrieval request.
- Answer the request: Similar to how you would respond to a dispute, you should gather all documentation proving the purchase was valid, such as receipts, communications with the customer and shipping documents. Once you have everything, upload and send it together. This will be provided to the card issuer to review and shared with the cardholder.
- Don’t respond: You don’t have to respond to a retrieval request but responding can help avoid a dispute altogether. It can also help you win a dispute if one occurs. Be aware that in some cases, if you don’t respond to a retrieval request and a customer does make a dispute, you won’t be allowed to challenge it. When this happens, the cardholder will win by default.